During Pre-Mauryan dynasties(from Brihdratha to Nanda Dynasties i.e 1678 to 321 BC) different forms of art and architecture,paintings,scriptures and sculptures developed.The heterodox sectors were dominant.Two great religions of the world(Jainism and Buddhism) emerged and posed serious blow to orthodox Brahman culture.The period between 7 th and 5 th century is remarked as the phase of intellectual and spiritual developments.The vedic culture and philosophy had lost its entity,originality and purity.It became superstitious and complex.The Kshatriya rulers were fade up with the rise of Brahman.The desire of Vaishyas to improve their status and identity due to their strong economic position became immense.Possibly these factors were responsible for the weakening of Vedic culture and rise of two religions.
The rock-cut arts developed rapidly.This art however bridged the cultural images of different social and religious contexts and differences.The folk and tribal arts were transformed and modified.The rock-cut designs,temples architecture,typical Buddhist monasteries structure,stupas and fort structure designs were the typical and obvious expression of their techniques and culture.Folk fairs and festivals were enjoyed and celebrated unitedly and thus played a pivotal role in the development of these art forms.Their culture were inter exchanged and mutually shared.Basantostav ,Malmas fair and Makarsakranti etc were the examples.The peoples were tuned to the rhythm and vibrations of the natural forces.They were dependent on nature and restored the natural resources.
There was almost democracy.The emperors were the chief of legislative,judiciary and military branches.In other words all powers were confined and concentrated to the kings.The Kings had efficient and dedicated officials for different administrative works.The King had Council of Ministers for advice and policy making.The agents and spies were the integral part of the administration.They were allowed to meet the King at anytime and anywhere depending on the urgency and quality of information.They were the reporter of various good and bad developments and conspiracies.During the reign of Bimbisara the officers were named as per their work.Mahamantras, were the chief of Executive branch,Voharikas, were the chief of Judicial branch and Senanayaka was the chief of the Military Branch.The head of the village assembly was called as Gramaka.
In ancient Magadh other sects were also existed like Ajivika sect was founded by Gosala Maskariputra.According to Pakuda Katyayana,"Soul was the superior than good and evil.Earth,water,fire,air,pleasure,pain and soul were eternal.".Other thinker Ajita Kesakamblin believed in the materialistic world and against of after life theory propounded by Vedic culture.According to him death is the final phase of all souls.They were all contemporary to Lord Buddha.
Bheris, Shringi 's, Mridanga,Concshell, Nagara,Flute, Tarsi,Jhal and Veena were the musical instruments.The culture of crafts were circled around the religion,need of common people and wishes of the kings.The foreign and international trade played a decisive role in the development of crafts.The crafts men were well versed in the techniques of pottery,metal,stone sculpture, Jewell designing and weaving.
Ancient Magadh witnessed the emergence of great physician Jivaka.Jivaka conducted artificial limb transplantation,fracture treatment,rhinoplasty and brain surgery. Transplantation of an eye ball is also reported.Ayurveda practices flourished during 520 BC.Traditional massage,acupressure and reflexology was also introduced by Jivaka. The theory of Jivaka was based on the concept that all levels of human beings are interconnected naturally.Its main objective is the integrity of nature,body,mind and soul.It is less oriented towards the physical and anatomical features and physiology of the human body.It refers to the massage of the local body.The art of acupressure and reflexology massage gives better results in health.
There are numerous examples of the emergence of artisans in pottery,stone,metal, terracotta sculpture.Pottery was made from clay, wood ,metals and stones.Painted Grey Ware(PGW} was finely made of clay on th wheel.The structure included flat convex sided dish,hemispherical bowl and Vase shaped straight structure.Northern Black Polished Ware(NBPW) marked the wave of urbanization. This pottery is considered to be the finest potteries of that time.The era of these potteries are(1000-200 BC).
The chief mentors of two religions(Jainism and Buddhism)preached in Prakrit language( a language of Common People) and thus they gained acceptance by the masses.The Judicial Language was Sanskrit.During those days Education began with the Upanayana Sanskar.The age as per old information was 8 Years for Brahmans,11 for Kshatriya and 12 for Vaishyas. Some special artists like Rathakara or Chariot maker had high status and were eligible to the sacred thread Sankara.
********Stay Tuned for further Information.********
The rock-cut arts developed rapidly.This art however bridged the cultural images of different social and religious contexts and differences.The folk and tribal arts were transformed and modified.The rock-cut designs,temples architecture,typical Buddhist monasteries structure,stupas and fort structure designs were the typical and obvious expression of their techniques and culture.Folk fairs and festivals were enjoyed and celebrated unitedly and thus played a pivotal role in the development of these art forms.Their culture were inter exchanged and mutually shared.Basantostav ,Malmas fair and Makarsakranti etc were the examples.The peoples were tuned to the rhythm and vibrations of the natural forces.They were dependent on nature and restored the natural resources.
There was almost democracy.The emperors were the chief of legislative,judiciary and military branches.In other words all powers were confined and concentrated to the kings.The Kings had efficient and dedicated officials for different administrative works.The King had Council of Ministers for advice and policy making.The agents and spies were the integral part of the administration.They were allowed to meet the King at anytime and anywhere depending on the urgency and quality of information.They were the reporter of various good and bad developments and conspiracies.During the reign of Bimbisara the officers were named as per their work.Mahamantras, were the chief of Executive branch,Voharikas, were the chief of Judicial branch and Senanayaka was the chief of the Military Branch.The head of the village assembly was called as Gramaka.
In ancient Magadh other sects were also existed like Ajivika sect was founded by Gosala Maskariputra.According to Pakuda Katyayana,"Soul was the superior than good and evil.Earth,water,fire,air,pleasure,pain and soul were eternal.".Other thinker Ajita Kesakamblin believed in the materialistic world and against of after life theory propounded by Vedic culture.According to him death is the final phase of all souls.They were all contemporary to Lord Buddha.
Bheris, Shringi 's, Mridanga,Concshell, Nagara,Flute, Tarsi,Jhal and Veena were the musical instruments.The culture of crafts were circled around the religion,need of common people and wishes of the kings.The foreign and international trade played a decisive role in the development of crafts.The crafts men were well versed in the techniques of pottery,metal,stone sculpture, Jewell designing and weaving.
Ancient Magadh witnessed the emergence of great physician Jivaka.Jivaka conducted artificial limb transplantation,fracture treatment,rhinoplasty and brain surgery. Transplantation of an eye ball is also reported.Ayurveda practices flourished during 520 BC.Traditional massage,acupressure and reflexology was also introduced by Jivaka. The theory of Jivaka was based on the concept that all levels of human beings are interconnected naturally.Its main objective is the integrity of nature,body,mind and soul.It is less oriented towards the physical and anatomical features and physiology of the human body.It refers to the massage of the local body.The art of acupressure and reflexology massage gives better results in health.
There are numerous examples of the emergence of artisans in pottery,stone,metal, terracotta sculpture.Pottery was made from clay, wood ,metals and stones.Painted Grey Ware(PGW} was finely made of clay on th wheel.The structure included flat convex sided dish,hemispherical bowl and Vase shaped straight structure.Northern Black Polished Ware(NBPW) marked the wave of urbanization. This pottery is considered to be the finest potteries of that time.The era of these potteries are(1000-200 BC).
The chief mentors of two religions(Jainism and Buddhism)preached in Prakrit language( a language of Common People) and thus they gained acceptance by the masses.The Judicial Language was Sanskrit.During those days Education began with the Upanayana Sanskar.The age as per old information was 8 Years for Brahmans,11 for Kshatriya and 12 for Vaishyas. Some special artists like Rathakara or Chariot maker had high status and were eligible to the sacred thread Sankara.
********Stay Tuned for further Information.********
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